The Windows™ 95/98 Network Programs

TRACERT.exe           Trace Route

Usage:
tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] target_name

Options:
   -d                 Do not resolve addresses to hostnames.
   -h maximum_hops    Maximum number of hops to search for target.
   -j host-list       Loose source route along host-list.
   -w timeout         Wait timeout milliseconds for each reply.

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Here's an example which traces the route from some ISP in Los Angeles to the main server at UCLA in California ( note how two computers relatively close to each other may be routed way round about! ):

C:\WINDOWS>tracert www.ucla.edu

Tracing route to www.ucla.edu [169.232.33.129]
over a maximum of 30 hops:

 1   141 ms   132 ms   140 ms  wla-ca-pm6.icg.net [165.236.29.85]
 2   134 ms   131 ms   139 ms  whv-ca-gw1.icg.net [165.236.29.65]
 3   157 ms   132 ms   143 ms  f3-1-0.lai-ca-gw1.icg.net [165.236.24.89]
 4   194 ms   193 ms   188 ms  a0-0-0-1.dai-tx-gw1.icg.net [163.179.235.61]
 5   300 ms   211 ms   214 ms  a1-1-0-1.ati-ga-gw1.icg.net [163.179.235.186]
 6   236 ms   237 ms   247 ms  a5-0-0-1.was-dc-gw1.icg.net [163.179.235.129]
 7   258 ms   236 ms   244 ms  163.179.243.205
 8   231 ms   233 ms   230 ms  wdc-brdr-03.inet.qwest.net [205.171.4.153]
 9   240 ms   230 ms   236 ms  wdc-core-03.inet.qwest.net [205.171.24.69]
10   262 ms   264 ms   263 ms  hou-core-01.inet.qwest.net [205.171.5.187]
11   281 ms   263 ms   259 ms  hou-core-03.inet.qwest.net [205.171.23.9]
12   272 ms   229 ms   222 ms  lax-core-02.inet.qwest.net [205.171.5.163]
13   230 ms   217 ms   230 ms  lax-edge-07.inet.qwest.net [205.171.19.58]
14   228 ms   219 ms   220 ms  63-145-160-42.cust.qwest.net [63.145.160.42]
15   218 ms   222 ms   218 ms  ISI-7507--ISI.POS.calren2.net [198.32.248.21]
16   232 ms   222 ms   214 ms  UCLA--ISI.POS.calren2.net [198.32.248.30]
17   234 ms   226 ms   226 ms  cbn5-gsr.calren2.ucla.edu [169.232.1.18]
18   245 ms   227 ms   235 ms  www.ucla.edu [169.232.33.129]

Trace complete.

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Note: Unless you're running a network, the following commands won't be of much use to you...

Furthermore, if you're concerned about Security, my advice is to NEVER use NetBios on a computer that connects to the Internet.

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NBTSTAT.exe         Net Bios Stats

Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT
(NetBIOS over TCP/IP).

NBTSTAT [-a RemoteName] [-A IP address] [-c] [-n] [-r] [-R] [-s] [S]
       [interval]

 -a   (adapter status) Lists the remote machine's name table given its
                       name.
 -A   (Adapter status) Lists the remote machine's name table given its
                       IP address.

 -c   (cache)          Lists the remote name cache including the IP
                       addresses.

 -n   (names)          Lists local NetBIOS names.

 -r   (resolved)       Lists names resolved by broadcast and via WINS

 -R   (Reload)         Purges and reloads the remote cache name table

 -S   (Sessions)       Lists sessions table with the destination IP
                       addresses.

 -s   (sessions)       Lists sessions table converting destination IP
                       addresses to host names via the hosts file.

   RemoteName   Remote host machine name.
   IP address   Dotted decimal representation of the IP address.

   interval     Redisplays selected statistics, pausing interval seconds
                between each display. Press Ctrl+C to stop redisplaying
                statistics.

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ROUTE.exe

Manipulates network routing tables.

ROUTE [-f] [command [destination] [MASK netmask] [gateway]]



 -f      Clears the routing tables of all gateway entries.  If this is
         used in conjunction with one of the commands, the tables are
         cleared prior to running the command.

 command      Specifies one of four commands

                PRINT     Prints a route
                ADD       Adds a route
                DELETE    Deletes a route
                CHANGE    Modifies an existing route

 destination  Specifies the host to send command.

 MASK         If the MASK keyword is present, the next parameter is
        interpreted as the netmask parameter.

 netmask      If provided, specifies a sub-net mask value to be associated
        with this route entry.  If not specified, if defaults to
        255.255.255.255.

 gateway      Specifies gateway.

All symbolic names used for destination or gateway are looked up in the
network and host name database files NETWORKS and HOSTS, respectively.
If the command is print or delete, wildcards may be used for the
destination and gateway, or the gateway argument may be omitted.

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ARP.exe      Address Resolution Protocol

ARP -s inet_addr eth_addr [if_addr]
ARP -d inet_addr [if_addr]
ARP -a [inet_addr] [-N if_addr]

-a           Displays current ARP entries by interrogating the current
        protocol data.  If inet_addr is specified, the IP and Physical
        addresses for only the specified computer are displayed.  If
        more than one network interface uses ARP, entries for each ARP
        table are displayed.
-g                             (Same as -a)

 inet_addr   Specifies an internet address.

-N if_addr   Displays the ARP entries for the network interface
             specified by if_addr.

-d           Deletes the host specified by inet_addr.

-s        Adds the host and associates the Internet address inet_addr
        with the Physical address eth_addr.  The Physical address is
        given as 6 hexadecimal bytes separated by hyphens. The entry
        is permanent.

 eth_addr    Specifies a physical address.

  if_addr    If present, this specifies the Internet address of the
             interface whose address translation table should be
             modified.  If not present, the first applicable interface
             will be used.

The Windows™ 95/98 Network Programs

PING.exe

Usage: ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]
           [-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]]
           [-w timeout] destination-list

Options:
   -t             Ping the specifed host until interrupted.
   -a             Resolve addresses to hostnames.
   -n count       Number of echo requests to send.
   -l size        Send buffer size.
   -f             Set "Don't Fragment" flag in packet.
   -i TTL         Time To Live.
   -v TOS         Type Of Service.
   -r count       Record route for count hops.
   -s count       Timestamp for count hops.
   -j host-list   Loose source route along host-list.
   -k host-list   Strict source route along host-list.
   -w timeout     Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply.

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There's one special IP number everyone should know about:

127.0.0.1 - localhost (or loopback).
This is used to connect ( through a browser, for example) to a Web server on your own computer. (127 being reserved for this purpose.) You can use this IP number at all times. It doesn't matter if you're connected to the Internet or not.

It's also called the loopback address because you can ping it and get returns even when you're offline (not connected to any network). If you don't get any valid replies, then there's a problem with the computer's Network settings. Here's a typical response to the 'ping' command:

Here's another recent example using the name of my computer which I have tied to the IP number 127.0.0.1 in my C:\WINDOWS\HOSTS file:

C:\WINDOWS>ping My_Comp

Pinging My_Comp [127.0.0.1] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 127.0.0.1:
   Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
   Minimum = 0ms, Maximum =  1ms, Average =  0ms